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Cloud Architecture

Multi-cloud, VPC design, high availability, disaster recovery, and cost optimization

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Cloud Architecture#

Design resilient, cost-effective cloud architectures.

Design Pillars#

Pillar	Focus	Pattern
Reliability	Fault tolerance, recovery	Multi-AZ, redundancy, auto-healing
Security	Defense in depth	IAM, encryption, network segmentation
Cost	Efficiency, waste reduction	Right-sizing, reserved instances, autoscaling
Performance	Speed, scalability	CDN, caching, horizontal scaling
Operational	Manageability, automation	IaC, CI/CD, runbooks

VPC Design#

Multi-Tier Architecture#

Internet → WAF → ALB → App Tier (private) → DB Tier (private)
                      ↕
                 Auto Scaling

Best Practices#

Use multiple AZs (minimum 3)
Private subnets for apps and databases
Public subnets only for load balancers and bastions
NACLs for subnet-level rules, Security Groups for instance-level
VPC peering or Transit Gateway for multi-VPC

High Availability#

Compute: Multi-AZ Auto Scaling groups, spot + on-demand mix
Database: Multi-AZ RDS, Aurora read replicas
Storage: S3 (11 9's durability), EBS snapshots
DNS: Route53 with health-check based failover
CDN: CloudFront/CloudFlare for global distribution

Disaster Recovery#

Strategy	RTO	RPO	Cost
Backup & Restore	Hours	24h	$
Pilot Light	Minutes	1h	$$
Warm Standby	Seconds	Minutes	$$$
Active-Active	Seconds	Seconds	$$$$

DR Plan#

Document runbooks for each scenario
Test failover quarterly
Automate recovery with IaC
Store backups in separate region
Encrypt everything

Cost Optimization#

Right-size instances (use Compute Optimizer)
Reserved Instances / Savings Plans for steady state
Spot instances for fault-tolerant workloads
S3 lifecycle policies (transition to Glacier)
Delete unused resources (EBS, EIP, ELB)
Monitor with Cost Explorer + budgets + alerts

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